We can only tell a story with the information available to us at the time we need to tell that story. The result is always incomplete, necessarily imperfect, and storytellers have to live with that condition. Comparing narratives of Dachau and the concentration camps in the last several days, our students are in better position to understand the challenge.
On Friday, the students visited Dachau — walking the empty grounds, moving through the museum, listening to the audio tour. Last night, they watched 1955 camp documentary Night and Fog and discussed the film for an hour afterward. Reactions were mixed. Some viewers were deeply moved, and others thought the movie felt short.
Recognized on numerous critical lists for its power and narrative, the film does bring issues. The director returns repeatedly to the "kapos," prisoners who served as lower-level functionaries in the camps, a noticeable attention that "clearly smacks of the atmosphere of the 1950s," as one comparative analysis puts it.
The movie touches only briefly on the sprawling cultural and industrial contexts that make the Holocaust unique among modern genocides, factors in so much of the storytelling since. Jewish victims never receive mention, for instance. A viewer only sees a Star of David on a coat.
At the same time, one of the most surprising aspects of the post-war period as portrayed in the Dachau site's museum is the pursuit of transparency around the camp. Descriptions report the U.S. military forcing the town's residents to visit the site, moving through as many other visitors as possible and publicizing camp photos and films.
With how much we associate transparency with the current age of Google, and with how distant current American military actions are now, it's easy to see the importance of these post-war movie — and hard to grasp their difficulty. How does an army begin to sort out a continent's worth of war and genocide? How does a filmmaker?
Imperfection and subsequent evolution in storytelling chase even the modern memorial site. A book, Legacies of Dachau, by University of California professor Harold Marcuse, traces the site's post-war history, and Marcuse has put the book's introduction online. The extent to which a visitor's Dachau experience has changed in the last decade is remarkable. What's changed includes key parts of any current trip:
- The entrance. "From 1965 to 2001 visitors had to enter the memorial site through a breach in the wall on the opposite side of the camp…. For the 2001 renovation, the Bavarian police gave up a corner of their installation so that the original entrance situation could be restored."
- The detail. "Survivors, local volunteers, and a few public school teachers on special assignment began giving regular tours in the early 1980s. By the end of the millennium, many hundreds of tours were offered each year, the vast majority of them by volunteers. Before that individuals and groups were left to themselves to explore the terrain. In 2001 visitors will be able to rent tape-recorded tours in several languages at the reception center."
- The movement. "Care was taken to allow visitors to retrace the route traversed by inmates arriving at the camp. This required reversing the usual right-to-left direction of the museum. Additionally, great pains were taken to personalize the history through representative inmate and perpetrator biographies."
With such dramatic narrative shifts possible, the test for the storyteller today is awareness. Is Dachau going to wait another three decades between renovations? No. Does a modern filmmaker walk away from a film on a critical issue after its completion? Not if a DVD's coming. The Dachau account, as it has evolved, has turned more uniquely Dachau.
More than ever, the story continues, and we bear responsibility for what's next. As we tell stories, we have to ask, who are our kapos? What narrative pieces loom larger today but smaller tomorrow? What greater themes or plots take their places? Awareness of imperfection in storytelling is a start. We have to go to work and provide a unique value to today, and any humble singularity only grows in importance.
Crossposted with some editing from Salzburg Global E-Media blog.